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                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
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                <text>The fort at Alushta dates to the 6th century. Keppen's notes are particularly conversational. He takes it upon himself to offer an explanation of why Sumarokov claims Alushta was called Furion and references Pallas as well, asking "where did he get the idea that Alushta once had a bishop?" </text>
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                <text>On the heights of Ayudag are the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" but little else. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And from that time no fewer than 360 times the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and in the depths of the earth new growth has begun again. And 360 times autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover the traces of human bustle!"(170) Keppen scoured the mountain for the ruins of the monastery of Constantine and Elena, which Pallas had described, but his efforts were in vain. The Tatars who were with him showed him the place a white marble cross-inscribed pillar had stood before it was removed, 8 years earlier, to Gurzuf. (There had been a green marble column at the same spot; Prince Potemkin sent it to Kherson to be incorporated into a church there.)(171-172) </text>
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                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
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      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5498">
                <text>Bitlan / Kastro</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5500">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1837</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5502">
                <text>Located at the western end of Kuchuk Uzen.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5503">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
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      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
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      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
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