<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<itemContainer xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://beautifulspaces.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/items/browse?collection=25&amp;output=omeka-xml&amp;page=3" accessDate="2026-05-04T02:55:19-04:00">
  <miscellaneousContainer>
    <pagination>
      <pageNumber>3</pageNumber>
      <perPage>10</perPage>
      <totalResults>44</totalResults>
    </pagination>
  </miscellaneousContainer>
  <item itemId="1075" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="233">
        <src>https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/beautifulspaces/original/fb4f47f8ed585407023776bb57d27310.png</src>
        <authentication>cf0328e0fdd4c7d71135341c8b43dc4f</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5594">
                <text>Gaspra Isar</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5595">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5596">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5597">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5598">
                <text>Northwest of the cape of Ay Todor. This fortification is "the work of nature": a glade 40 feet by 8 feet almost completely enclosed by walls of rock.(194) </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5599">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1066" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5540">
                <text>Gelin-Kaya</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5541">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5542">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5543">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5544">
                <text>Above Kiziltash, on the coastal side, Keppen located the walls indicating the fortification strategically placed here, with sightlines extending to Ayudag, Gurzuf, Gurbte-dere Bogaz (whence the main road into the mountains, via Kuush, begins). A perfect signalling post. The walls here were 2.5 arshinas thick.(173)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5545">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1056" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5480">
                <text>Gurliuk</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5481">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5482">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5483">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5484">
                <text>In the area of the Greek village of Enisala, along the post road, the remains of a wall are still visible. Locals from the village of Chavke claim that the wall was built by someone named Aksan-Temir Bagatyr.(143-144)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5485">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1068" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5552">
                <text>Gurzuf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5553">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5554">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5555">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5556">
                <text>Another 6th century site. Keppen includes an excerpt from Pallas, cites Greviev, Barbaro, Vitsen, Peysonnel, Thunman. He adds little commentary of his own.(175-177)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5557">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="224">
        <name>Pallas</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1052" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5456">
                <text>Kaskule and Kalepartash</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5457">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5458">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5459">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5460">
                <text>Keppen found no antiquities at Kaskule or Kalepartash despite the promise of their names ("kule" means tower and "kale" means fortification). He also notes that on November 25, 1834, he spent half a day slogging through miserable weather from Kutly to the cliff at Isarly Burun only to find there were no ruins there either. (137)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5461">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="220">
        <name>disappointment</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="198">
        <name>weather</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1050" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5444">
                <text>Khaplaryn Bogaz</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5445">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5446">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5447">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5448">
                <text>A gorge on the road leading from Taraktash to Kutly in the Karagach forest (about an hour from Kutly, less than two hours from Suuk-Su, 6 or 7 versts from Taraktash and 10 versts from the Karagach forest). When it comes down to it, Keppen isn't quite sure this site contains the remnants of any fortification at all. He reports seeing a row of stones that might have once been part of a wall, but hedges his bets. "I say maybe however, because in truth this is nothing more than a guess that cannot be confirmed."(112-113)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5449">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="219">
        <name>travel time</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="686" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="81">
          <name>Site or Artifact Type</name>
          <description>description</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="3573">
              <text>Greek church (ruins)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="82">
          <name>Type of Antiquity</name>
          <description>"Display Description"</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="3574">
              <text>ghfghdhdfhghg</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="83">
          <name>Type2</name>
          <description>Display Description</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="3575">
              <text>what?</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3567">
                <text>Kopsele</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3568">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837): 17-19. [&lt;a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PAKAAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;lpg=PA51&amp;amp;ots=5dsqBqEsOO&amp;amp;dq=%D0%BE%20%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85%20%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0&amp;amp;pg=PA18#v=twopage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=true" target="_blank"&gt;go to the page&lt;/a&gt;]</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3569">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3570">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3576">
                <text>Ruins of a Greek church</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
      <elementSet elementSetId="4">
        <name>Neatline Display</name>
        <description/>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="78">
            <name>Neatline Exhibit</name>
            <description/>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="4992">
                <text>36</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Neatline Record</name>
            <description/>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="4993">
                <text>217</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="88">
        <name>Greek church</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1063" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5522">
                <text>Lambat</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5523">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5524">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5525">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5526">
                <text>Some 2,000 inhabitants now.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5527">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1073" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5582">
                <text>Orianda</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5583">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5584">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5585">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5586">
                <text>The earliest cartographic attestation of Orianda, according to Keppen, is in the 1480 "atlas of Beninkaza of Ancona" [here he is referring to the portolan chart of the Black Sea by the famous cartographer Grazioso Benincasa], which Count Ivan (Jan) Osipovich Pototskii found in the court library of Vienna. (Pototskii published the book containing this reference (Memoire sur un nouveau peryple du Pont Euxi) in Vienna in 1796.) The cliff and fortification belong to the tsar's garden property. (189-190)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5587">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="231">
        <name>cartographic evidence</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="228">
        <name>gardens</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1046" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="25">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4201">
                  <text>Portrait of Antiquity</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="4263">
                  <text>Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains&lt;/em&gt;. The book's author,&amp;nbsp;Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in &lt;em&gt;On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related gallery: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self"&gt;Uvarov's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related narrations&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self"&gt;Among the Ruins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self"&gt;A Monumental Inscription&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related source map&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank"&gt;Keppen's Antiquities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="27">
      <name>Antiquity</name>
      <description>Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5420">
                <text>Otuz</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5421">
                <text>Petr Keppen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5422">
                <text>Petr Keppen, &lt;em&gt;O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh&lt;/em&gt; (Sankt Peterburg, 1837)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5423">
                <text>1837</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5424">
                <text>The Otuz fortification is situated on a substantial hill three-quarters of an hour from the village of Otuz, down near the sea. Its significance lies in the fact that it is the most easterly of the fortifications on the coastal side of the mountains. The ruins here, Keppen explains, are indicative of the presence of a great many other foritifications along the coast.(103)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5425">
                <text>The Stanford Library copy of Keppen's work was digitized by Google Books.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="74">
        <name>fortification</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="66">
        <name>ruin</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
