13 10 510 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of Antiquity Description An account of the resource Crimea was (and still is) uniquely studded with fallen slabs, old foundations, ancient walls, gravestones, and mounds of earth that have grown incrementally over the years to cover the bones of past lives. On my first visit to Sevastopol a friend explained that every good rain dislodged chards of pottery, the occasional coin, and other sundry treasures. And sure enough, when we went trekking in the mountains above Laspi later that week - keeping a sharp eye out for wild boar - I found three small bits of pottery, the edges worn smooth but the greens and blues of their surfaces still vivid. My friend chuckled and dismissed them as insignificant - the pieces dated to the fourteenth or maybe fifteenth century, after all - but I savored the extraordinary feeling of that small weight in my palm, sun-warm and heavy with historical memory. In 1837 the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg published a remarkable study On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of Crimea and the Tavridan Mountains. The book's author, Peter Keppen, spent 5 years living in Crimea while serving as assistant to the chief of silk production (shelkovodstvo). During that time he traveled almost obsessively, collecting material for his geographical and archaeological projects. In the dedication (addressed, of course, to Tsar Nicholas I), Keppen describes Crimea as "the most charming of all the countries prospering" under Romanov rule. His book lovingly documents the location, history, and status of inscribed stones, marble columns, churches, and tombstones, but the bulk of material details defensive towers and walls. Keppen saw Crimea - in antiquity - as a territory divided between a savage, predatory north and a luxuriously beautiful south hemmed in by the Tauride (or Tavridan) mountains on one side and the Black Sea on the other. The fortified line that separated one from the other was, to him, one of the two organizing features of Crimean space (or of its antique space anyway). The second feature was sedimentation. Keppen was acutely aware of the way in which the passage of time imprinted itself on the landscape. At one point he describes finding the remains of an ancient fortification with thick walls of "wild stone" on the heights of Ayudag. "And is it surprising?" Keppen asks. "One must remember that this place has not been inhabited since 1475. And since then the spring sun has warmed the mountain tops and new growth has sprung from the depths of the earth no fewer than 360 times. 360 times over autumn storms have torn the leaves from trees and ripped the grasses, each year creating a new layer to cover any traces of human existence!"(170) Keppen would tell you that to see Crimea, one had to dig.  This collection contains all of the sites (though not all of the individual stones!) discussed in On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast. It includes 4 mausoleums, 9 Greek churches, and 58 fortifications. Each and every one was a ruin even before Keppen laid eyes on it.  Related gallery: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self">Uvarov's Antiquities</a> Related narrations: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/37" target="_self">Among the Ruins</a> & <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/40" target="_self">A Monumental Inscription </a>Related source map: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/item/898" target="_blank">Keppen's Antiquities</a><hr /> Antiquity Building or item from the past. In most contexts, an antiquity belongs to the ancient, classical, or possibly medieval period. In Crimea and in the Russian south more broadly, archaeologists and collectors used the term to describe the material legacy of the ancient Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese, Karaims, Ottomans, and Crimean Tatars who inhabited the region prior to Russian conquest. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chufut-Kale Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant POINT(3779284.2744 5571961.1631) Description An account of the resource Site of a durbe (Tatar mausoleum) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Petr Keppen, O drevnostiakh IUzhnago Berega Kryma i Gor Tavricheskikh (Sankt Peterburg, 1837) burial site Tatar culture Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abandoned Villages Description An account of the resource At the moment, this collection presents the contents of a list of sites abandoned in 1778 by various elements of the Christian population of the Crimean Khanate. Between July and September 1778, a grand total of 31,098 people (half the Christian population of the khanate) deserted Crimea and moved to Russian territory on the shores of the Sea of Azov. Empress Catherine II and a handful of powerful men on the ground clearly engineered this relocation, which has been described as everything from an episode of deportation to one of voluntary migration.  Catherine II's government spent 130,000 rubles in the process, but the results were priceless. The loss of thousands of Greeks, Georgians, and Armenians dealt a heavy blow to the khanate's economy (they tended lucrative gardens and orchards, cultivated vineyards, and dominated maritime trade through the Black Sea and beyond). Sahin Girey Khan's position was weakened beyond repair (already perceived as a lackey of the empress, his inability to halt the migration made clear Russia's lack of concern for the khan's ability to rule). An anxious Ottoman government deployed a fleet to Aktiar (the future site of Sevastopol) in August, only to be repulsed. Negotiations for a new peace settlement between St. Petersburg and the Porte got underway soon thereafter. The resulting Treaty of Ainali-Kavak secured the independent status of the khanate and required the removal of all Russian troops. This was no favor to the khan however. His position was tenuous at best; without the support of the empress's troops, he had precious little support. It wasn't long before the political situation in Crimea deteriorated, necessitating the return of Prince Potemkin and, by April 1783, the annexation of the khanate to Russia. <hr /> Abandoned place Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Churuksu Description An account of the resource 46 Greeks and 40 Armenians abandoned this area in 1778. Armenian settlement Greek settlement Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dachas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context gazetteer Description An account of the resource In simplest terms, a dacha was a portion of land given out by the tsar. The apportioning of land to servitors and favorites was hardly an innovation, but over the course of the eighteenth century the dacha became ever more closely associated with the expansion of the empire. Early in the century, Peter I imbued the dacha with a distinctly strategic character, distributing grants both as a form of incentive and a coercive strategy for affecting the physical transformation of his new capital at St. Petersburg. Devoid of any associations with wellness, leisure, comfort, or domesticity – this came later in the nineteenth century – the earlier iteration of the dacha referred to a plot of uninhabited, unbuilt, uncultivated land located some distance away from the proprietor’s primary residence. A diligent proprietor might convert it into an usad'ba (country estate), with formal or mature gardens and permanent dwellings, or into an agriculturally-productive site – a farm, an orchard, a cultivated woodland. The essence of the dacha was that it implied a dynamic relationship between owner and property and the conversion of empty spaces into usable, definable places. Related narration: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/exhibits/show/dachageo" target="_self">Dacha Geography</a> <hr /> Dacha property Property Note Display Description Land for cattle near Sivash Ownership Note Lt. Colonel Iusuf Ibragimovich Dacha Grant Year 1787 Attestation 1794 Dacha Reports; 1802 Dacha Reports Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Churuktiun Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cite the Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Among the Ruins Description An account of the resource Ruins are among the most powerful elements of the built environment in Russia's southern empire. For much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Tavrida itself was seen, from a certain perspective, as one sprawling, glorious ruin. The province was strewn with burial sites, churches, fortifications, and cities that had fallen into various states of disrepair, suffered catastrophic destruction, or otherwise been subsumed within deep layers of soil and rock.  The presence of architectural monuments, ruined and otherwise, played nearly as important a role in the toponymy of the region as geological and hydrographical features. Cliffs and streams, clearings and ancient walls and burial mounds: such features lent their names to the places they shaped. They did more than that. For much of the tsarist period, the surest way to navigate the rocky and tumultuous southern coast was by following rough directions and goat paths, calibrating one's course according to rocky outcroppings, views of the sea, and ruins. Claims to these ubiquitous and treacherous sites were empowering. Knowledge of them was valuable, even vital, to any claim to possession of the peninsula. This narration explores this idea in greater depth and maps the archaeological politics that helped define the significance of Crimea from a global - as well as an intensely local - perspective. Related galleries: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self">Uvarov's Antiquities</a>; <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/25" target="_self">Keppen's Antiquities</a> Related article: Kelly O'Neill, "<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/560940/pdf" title="link to pdf (log in to Project Muse via your library for full access)" target="_blank">Constructing Russian Identity in the Imperial Borderland: Architecture, Islam, and the Transformation of the Crimean Landscape</a>," Ab Imperio 2 (2006): 163-192.  <hr /> Narration fragment Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Classical terrain Description An account of the resource The most famous Crimean ruin is that of Chersonesos (Chersonesus, Khersones) near Sevastopol. Peter Simon Pallas was so impressed with this site that he described the area as "truly classic ground": ground that yielded bits and pieces of Greek antiquity at every step. [HOLD FOR NEATLINE OF EXCAVATION WORK] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Essential Published Sources Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Collection of maps and drawings for the study of antiquities of Southern Russia and the Shores of the Black Sea Description An account of the resource The only known copy is held at the New York Public Library. The glorious illustrations were intended to accompany Uvarov's study, commissioned by the Imperial Archaeological Society in 1847. This volume is the basis for the <a title="go to the collection" href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self">Uvarov's Antiquities</a> collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aleksei Sergeevich Uvarov Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1851 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 69 plates : illustrations (some color), maps ; 71 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Method Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CONNECTIVITY Description An account of the resource The idea of Beautiful Spaces is to expose the myriad ways in which pieces of the historical record are connected across diverse contexts, at a variety of scales, and with a range of implications. To that end, the project uses three primary tools built into <a title="Read about the digital platform on the Omeka website" href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/items/show/574" target="_blank">Omeka</a> to organize material and articulate forms of connectivity at Item level: <h3>1. Item Types</h3> Each Item within the site receives a "type" designation. The <a title="read more about Dublin Core here" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/usageguide/elements.shtml" target="_blank">Dublin Core Metadata Initiative</a> has a standard Item Type vocabulary. Beautiful Spaces uses that vocabulary but extends outward from it as well with custom Types. The typology is as follows: <ul> <li>Abandoned Place</li> <li>Administrative Unit</li> <li>Annotation</li> <li>Antiquity</li> <li>Archival Record Group</li> <li>Contemporary Account</li> <li>Dacha Property</li> <li>Elite Residence</li> <li>Garden Location</li> <li>Geographical Feature</li> <li>Historical Map</li> <li>Member of the Crimean Tatar Elite</li> <li>Narration Fragment</li> <li>Original Map</li> <li>Person</li> <li>Repository</li> <li>Spatial Data</li> <li>Still Image</li> <li>Vineyard</li> </ul> What is accomplished by using Item Types? <ul> <li>Item Types establish hardwired links between Items of the same type, regardless of whether they derive from the same source or are used for the same purposes within the site. </li> <li>Items of the same type share the same array of metadata elements. This means that whenever you find yourself looking at a "Still Image" you will find it accompanied by a standard set of metadata  </li> </ul> <h3>2. Item Relations</h3> These describe one-to-one relationships. For this reason, an Item from a given Collection or of a given Item Type might relate to the rest of the project content in radically different ways than another Item of the same Type or Collection. Item Relations are the edges of the Beautiful Spaces network. They are displayed along with the rest of the Item-level metadata and are defined as follows: <ul> <li>[This Item] annotates [This Item]</li> <li>[This Item] belongs to the same clan as [This Item]</li> <li>[This Item] is derived from [This Item]</li> <li>[This Item] owner of [This Item]</li> <li>[This Item] served with [This Item]</li> <li>[This Item] shares a common owner with [This Item]</li> <li>[This Item] visualizes [This Item]</li> <li>[This Item] is an attestation of the same place as [This Item]</li> </ul> <h3>3. Tags</h3> A set of non-hierarchical keywords can serve as an excellent topic map of project content. As you would expect, here the set is composed of thematic, chronological, geographical, and methodological tags that describe one or more Items. For the most part, you can think of the tags as a curated set of Item attributes. They facilitate the identification of connections among groups of Items rather than one particular Item to another. Tags that highlight unique and/or isolated features are few and far between. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/beautifulspaces/original/a9315b1b087eb8aa97a46297a5d215cf.jpg afe6d63b983c733cdc0af5b8ad11d969 Person An individual. Birth Date 1825 Birthplace St. Petersburg Death Date 1884 Occupation Archaeologist Biographical Text Display Description Member of the Academy of Sciences; founding member of the Moscow Archaeological Society; son of Sergei Semenovich, Minister of Education 1833-1849. Uvarov led excavations in Tavrida province in 1853-1854. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Count Aleksei Sergeevich Uvarov Description An account of the resource Author of Sobranie kart i risunkov k izledovaniam o drevnostiakh IUzhnnoi Rossii i beregov CHernago Moria [Collection of maps and drawings to aide in the study of the antiquities of Southern Russia and the shores of the Black Sea], published in St. Petersburg in 1851. archaeology https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/beautifulspaces/original/9d170d88abe46461b4046472ec6cb913.png 1c23245c76472d96cfc220b491855f5d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layers of the Vil'brekht Atlas Description An account of the resource Still images of the core layers of the Vil'brekht atlas sheet. Each feature in each layer has been digitized and provided with a basic symbology. (In GIS, a layer is a container for features of the same type (points, lines, polygons).) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context map-stills Original Map Layers Vil'brekht Map of Tavrida Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Crimea, base map (1792) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kelly O'Neill https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/beautifulspaces/original/85316e19f102d5852f5d2a46111522a6.png f61c8e013b88ad5cbb9fbb467f07b791 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layers of the Vil'brekht Atlas Description An account of the resource Still images of the core layers of the Vil'brekht atlas sheet. Each feature in each layer has been digitized and provided with a basic symbology. (In GIS, a layer is a container for features of the same type (points, lines, polygons).) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context map-stills Original Map Layers District (uezd) boundaries (polygon features) Vil'brekht Map of Tavrida (georeferenced) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Crimea, district boundaries (1792) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kelly O'Neill