34 10 510 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Many Lives of Mirzas Description An account of the resource This collection contains biographical sketches of the 39 members of the Crimean Tatar elite who were registered as members of the nobility of Tavrida Province and whose noble status was recognized by the imperial government in St. Petersburg.  Official recognition of noble status came via approval of the Heraldry Office and subsequent inscription in the noble register (rodoslovnaia kniga / родословная книга) of any given province of the empire. The <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/crimeaproject/items/show/312" target="_blank">Tavrida noble register</a> was compiled on an annual basis starting in 1804 by the provincial noble assembly. Between 1804 and 1853 there were 660 entries, only 39 of which described Crimean Tatars. The 39 entries, all of which are presented here, dealt with a total of 51 Crimean Tatar nobles (brothers and cousins often petitioned together for inclusion in the noble register), along with their families. Though they do little more than scratch the surface of Crimean Tatar (elite) life under Russian rule, they provide compelling evidence of the ways in which kinship and service could be converted into enhanced social status. A few notes before you dig in: All names are transliterated from Russian, which was the language of the noble registers. This accounts for the odd spellings of Tatar and Turkic names. Each entry is a highly structured text, its format standardized across all the provinces of the Russian Empire. That structure is reflected in the way the information within each entry is presented here. As you move through this collection, pay attention to clan names, variations in title (murza, bey, aga), family structure (particularly the importance of lateral kinship), and the dramatic variation in service records and landownership. In order to get a full sense of the connections among individuals, 1) use the "Item Relations" (at the end of each entry), which mark kinship relations and connections to key archival sources that might remain opaque when going the material Item-by-Item; and 2), surf the tags! Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kelly O'Neill Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1853 Member of the Crimean Tatar Elite limited to Crimean Tatars Rank none given Year of Inscription 1850 Inscription Note Display Description The Tavrida noble assembly recommended that the Dzhanbatov clan be inscribed in the 6th part of the noble register (ancient clans) in 1843. In 1850 they were instead inscribed in part 1 of the rodoslovnaia kniga (reserved for recipients of imperial seals, stamps, and coats-of-arms). Family & Background Petitioned along with his nephews: Under-Officer Ali Bey, Khalil Bey, Amet Bey, Islam Bey; and his son, Ibraim Bey Dzhanbatov. Service Record [no notation] Residence & Property Owned orchards, farmland and a house in Simferopol uezd. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mustafa Bey Dzhanbatov Subject The topic of the resource Tavrida noble register entry landowner orchards Simferopol uezd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dachas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context gazetteer Description An account of the resource In simplest terms, a dacha was a portion of land given out by the tsar. The apportioning of land to servitors and favorites was hardly an innovation, but over the course of the eighteenth century the dacha became ever more closely associated with the expansion of the empire. Early in the century, Peter I imbued the dacha with a distinctly strategic character, distributing grants both as a form of incentive and a coercive strategy for affecting the physical transformation of his new capital at St. Petersburg. Devoid of any associations with wellness, leisure, comfort, or domesticity – this came later in the nineteenth century – the earlier iteration of the dacha referred to a plot of uninhabited, unbuilt, uncultivated land located some distance away from the proprietor’s primary residence. A diligent proprietor might convert it into an usad'ba (country estate), with formal or mature gardens and permanent dwellings, or into an agriculturally-productive site – a farm, an orchard, a cultivated woodland. The essence of the dacha was that it implied a dynamic relationship between owner and property and the conversion of empty spaces into usable, definable places. Related narration: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/exhibits/show/dachageo" target="_self">Dacha Geography</a> <hr /> Dacha property Property Note Display Description According to the 1794 report, this dacha consisted of 1,848 desiatinas (almost 5,000 acres). Ownership Note Major Abdulla Velisha Uzdem Dacha Grant Year 1786 Attestation 1794 Dacha Reports; 1802 Dacha Reports Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naiman Tatar property Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Method Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NARRATION Description An account of the resource Narration occurs at nearly every level of the project: in the maps, the Item metadata, the collections. But it occurs in two more explicit, intentional forms as well: Annotations: Sketches: Sketches resemble traditional forms, but are built on the same principles as the rest of the site. That is, they are rooted in - and stick close to - the Items that form the foundation of the project, and they aim to draw together seemingly disparate pieces in meaningful, perhaps even provocative, ways. They transpose some of the findings of the various mappings into textual format; they pose questions that will inform the curation of new collections, the addition of new items, and the articulation of new relationships and taxonomies. They are meant to be generative rather than comprehensive or conclusive. In simplest terms, they are as much starting points as any Item, annotation, or map. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Navigation Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Navigate by Collection Description An account of the resource The vast majority of Items are gathered into Collections. <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/browse" target="_self">Browse the Collections.</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Navigation Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Navigate by Tag Description An account of the resource The tag cloud allows you to navigate the full set of Items - in other words, to navigate at "ground" level. Click on any one tag, or run a query by checking the boxes next to two or more and then on the "Filter" button at the bottom of the display. Remember that the query will produce a list of Items with a partial view of the associated metadata. To inspect all of the information pertaining to a particular Item, click on the Item title. <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/items/tags" target="_self">Go to the Tag Cloud</a>. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Among the Ruins Description An account of the resource Ruins are among the most powerful elements of the built environment in Russia's southern empire. For much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Tavrida itself was seen, from a certain perspective, as one sprawling, glorious ruin. The province was strewn with burial sites, churches, fortifications, and cities that had fallen into various states of disrepair, suffered catastrophic destruction, or otherwise been subsumed within deep layers of soil and rock.  The presence of architectural monuments, ruined and otherwise, played nearly as important a role in the toponymy of the region as geological and hydrographical features. Cliffs and streams, clearings and ancient walls and burial mounds: such features lent their names to the places they shaped. They did more than that. For much of the tsarist period, the surest way to navigate the rocky and tumultuous southern coast was by following rough directions and goat paths, calibrating one's course according to rocky outcroppings, views of the sea, and ruins. Claims to these ubiquitous and treacherous sites were empowering. Knowledge of them was valuable, even vital, to any claim to possession of the peninsula. This narration explores this idea in greater depth and maps the archaeological politics that helped define the significance of Crimea from a global - as well as an intensely local - perspective. Related galleries: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/19" target="_self">Uvarov's Antiquities</a>; <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/collections/show/25" target="_self">Keppen's Antiquities</a> Related article: Kelly O'Neill, "<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/560940/pdf" title="link to pdf (log in to Project Muse via your library for full access)" target="_blank">Constructing Russian Identity in the Imperial Borderland: Architecture, Islam, and the Transformation of the Crimean Landscape</a>," Ab Imperio 2 (2006): 163-192.  <hr /> Narration fragment Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Neglect Description An account of the resource In December 1786, Prince Grigorii Potemkin ordered Governor Vasilii Kakhovskii to search out and collect as many ancient coins and medals as possible. Kakhovskii dutifully passed the order along to the district land captains (all of whom were Tatars), as well as the mayors and commandants of the towns of Bahçesaray, Evpatoriia, <st1:place w:st="on">Balaklava</st1:place>, Arabat and Karasubazar. Curiously, nothing turned up, save for sixty-five coins dating from the reigns of Timur (Tamerlane) and the first three Giray khans (14th-15th centuries). Potemkin promptly returned these to their owners, explaining that he was interested only in “true antiquities”; that is, items at least 1,000 years in age, “from the period of the Greeks and Romans. Turkish and Tatar items [were] not needed.” In other words, from the earliest days of Russian rule, politics and ideology shaped the way antiquity would be defined and the way the built landscape would be managed. Potemkin was not the only man with opinions on this topic. Some shared the prince's taste for the classical era. <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/items/show/910" target="_blank">Peter Simon Pallas</a>, the famous naturalist, for example, described his scramble over the narrow fortified cliffs at Dziva Rock and Kuchuk Issar and his subsequent exuberance at the discovery of an ancient ruin in a level clearing. He marveled at the white marble column standing in a glen and at the ignorance of the "superstitious natives" who chipped off small pieces and ground them into a fine dust to be consumed for unknown purposes. Others lamented the seeming disregard for the cultural landscape - both Greek and Tatar - by Russian settlers. Anthony Grant, an English visitor to Crimea, complained that in the years since annexation “Beautiful mosques and minarets; public fountains and aqueducts, the pride and the great glory of the Moslem; public edifices, however imposing and sacred, were overthrown; trees were cut down, tombs rifled, the relics of the dead cast abroad, swine fed out of coffins, and the monuments of antiquity annihilated.” Though many likely harbored no ill will toward the monuments and ruins they found, most farmers and soldiers were preoccupied with the task of producing the large quantities of building materials needed for building houses, government offices, and churches. The large cut stones and marble slabs of existing walls and foundations presented a far more attractive alternative than purchasing materials from local quarries or foreign sources. For nearly three decades, a proliferation of ruins was an unintended consequence of the construction of estates and towns across the peninsula, from Evpatoriia to Kerch. Sources: А. Стевен, "Дела архива Таврическаго губернскаго правления, относящияся по разыскания, описании и сохранения памятников старины в пределах Таврической губерний," ИТУАК (t. 13: 33-34). Peter Simon Pallas, Travels through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, vol. 2 (London, 1803): 148. Anthony Grant, An Historical Sketch of The <st1:place w:st="on">Crimea (</st1:place><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London, </st1:place></st1:city>1855): 109-110. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dachas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context gazetteer Description An account of the resource In simplest terms, a dacha was a portion of land given out by the tsar. The apportioning of land to servitors and favorites was hardly an innovation, but over the course of the eighteenth century the dacha became ever more closely associated with the expansion of the empire. Early in the century, Peter I imbued the dacha with a distinctly strategic character, distributing grants both as a form of incentive and a coercive strategy for affecting the physical transformation of his new capital at St. Petersburg. Devoid of any associations with wellness, leisure, comfort, or domesticity – this came later in the nineteenth century – the earlier iteration of the dacha referred to a plot of uninhabited, unbuilt, uncultivated land located some distance away from the proprietor’s primary residence. A diligent proprietor might convert it into an usad'ba (country estate), with formal or mature gardens and permanent dwellings, or into an agriculturally-productive site – a farm, an orchard, a cultivated woodland. The essence of the dacha was that it implied a dynamic relationship between owner and property and the conversion of empty spaces into usable, definable places. Related narration: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/exhibits/show/dachageo" target="_self">Dacha Geography</a> <hr /> Dacha property Property Note Display Description An aptly-named plot ("unexpected") of just over 5 desiatinas granted for the purpose of planting trees. Located along the southern coast. Ownership Note Krushtulaki Dacha Grant Year 1793 Attestation 1802 Dacha Reports Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Neozhidaemaia forests settler property southern coast Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gardens Description An account of the resource This collection describes 43 garden sites considered to be the property of the Russian state in the 1790s. The gardens described here contain 821 individually documented parcels. Together they covered 351 acres along the prime southern coast and river valleys, and contained nearly 20,000 trees (19,193, to be precise).  17 species are documented in the reports: plum (слив), hazelnut (фундук), walnut (волошские орехи), pear (груш), European pear (дулина), rowan (рябин), apple (яблон), cherry (черешен), cherry (вишне), aiva (айва), mulberry (щелковиц), olive (маслин), fig (инжер), date (фурма), medlar (мушмоль), peach (персик), and almond (миндал). The collection is based on a set of reports "<a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/items/show/939" target="_blank">on the composition of the lands and gardens of Tavrida Province held as quitrent properties</a>" (freehold properties in return for which lessees paid a land tax) compiled between 1791 and 1794. <hr /> Garden location Ethnicity of owner Greek Arrangement gardens: 25, parcels: 67 Area 14095 square sazhens (15.86 acres) Trees 1,300 Species present plum, hazelnut, walnut, pear, rowan, apple, cherry, aiva, mulberry, olive Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nikita Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/items/show/939" target="_blank">Report on state-owned fruit gardens and vineyards along the Belbek, Kacha, and Alma rivers</a> aiva apple cherry gardens: state-owned Greek property hazelnut mulberry olive pear plum rowan southern coast walnut Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abandoned Villages Description An account of the resource At the moment, this collection presents the contents of a list of sites abandoned in 1778 by various elements of the Christian population of the Crimean Khanate. Between July and September 1778, a grand total of 31,098 people (half the Christian population of the khanate) deserted Crimea and moved to Russian territory on the shores of the Sea of Azov. Empress Catherine II and a handful of powerful men on the ground clearly engineered this relocation, which has been described as everything from an episode of deportation to one of voluntary migration.  Catherine II's government spent 130,000 rubles in the process, but the results were priceless. The loss of thousands of Greeks, Georgians, and Armenians dealt a heavy blow to the khanate's economy (they tended lucrative gardens and orchards, cultivated vineyards, and dominated maritime trade through the Black Sea and beyond). Sahin Girey Khan's position was weakened beyond repair (already perceived as a lackey of the empress, his inability to halt the migration made clear Russia's lack of concern for the khan's ability to rule). An anxious Ottoman government deployed a fleet to Aktiar (the future site of Sevastopol) in August, only to be repulsed. Negotiations for a new peace settlement between St. Petersburg and the Porte got underway soon thereafter. The resulting Treaty of Ainali-Kavak secured the independent status of the khanate and required the removal of all Russian troops. This was no favor to the khan however. His position was tenuous at best; without the support of the empress's troops, he had precious little support. It wasn't long before the political situation in Crimea deteriorated, necessitating the return of Prince Potemkin and, by April 1783, the annexation of the khanate to Russia. <hr /> Abandoned place Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nikitin Description An account of the resource 102 Greeks abandoned this area in 1778. Greek settlement Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dachas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context gazetteer Description An account of the resource In simplest terms, a dacha was a portion of land given out by the tsar. The apportioning of land to servitors and favorites was hardly an innovation, but over the course of the eighteenth century the dacha became ever more closely associated with the expansion of the empire. Early in the century, Peter I imbued the dacha with a distinctly strategic character, distributing grants both as a form of incentive and a coercive strategy for affecting the physical transformation of his new capital at St. Petersburg. Devoid of any associations with wellness, leisure, comfort, or domesticity – this came later in the nineteenth century – the earlier iteration of the dacha referred to a plot of uninhabited, unbuilt, uncultivated land located some distance away from the proprietor’s primary residence. A diligent proprietor might convert it into an usad'ba (country estate), with formal or mature gardens and permanent dwellings, or into an agriculturally-productive site – a farm, an orchard, a cultivated woodland. The essence of the dacha was that it implied a dynamic relationship between owner and property and the conversion of empty spaces into usable, definable places. Related narration: <a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/beautifulspaces/exhibits/show/dachageo" target="_self">Dacha Geography</a> <hr /> Dacha property Property Note Display Description Less than 2 desiatinas. Ownership Note State Councillor L'vov Dacha Grant Year 1787 Attestation 1802 Dacha Reports Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nikolaevskoi garden gardens: private settler property