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The trip from Alupka to the fortification takes an hour and a half. There among the towering pines are the remains of various buildings.(196-198)

Northwest of the cape of Ay Todor. This fortification is "the work of nature": a glade 40 feet by 8 feet almost completely enclosed by walls of rock.(194)

One of the trio of capes that mark the shift in topography from the southwesterly line to a westerly line along the coast to Balaklava. Anyone stationed here could see Ruskofil Kale, Palikaster, Yalta, Uchansu-Isar, and Orianda. Only the foundations…

The earliest cartographic attestation of Orianda, according to Keppen, is in the 1480 "atlas of Beninkaza of Ancona" [here he is referring to the portolan chart of the Black Sea by the famous cartographer Grazioso Benincasa], which Count Ivan (Jan)…

A spot for those who seek out "spectacles of nature." In this case, the spectacle is a waterfall careening from the heights above the fortification. (Uchan-su means "flying water" in Tatar.) A mere 40 minute trip from Yalta brings the visitor to the…

At Marsanda the remains of a church are visible down near the sea, but Keppen is unsure whether this site was fortified. The church on the cape of St. John was behind walls.

To the right of the main road from Nikita to Magarach. Standing at point A (see illustration), to the southwest are visible Uchanskuskoe, Yalta, Orianda, and Ay-Todor. (179-181)

Keppen's Tatar companions told him that this was the site (on the Nikita mys) of a monastery. Keppen approached from the state garden to the east and immediately saw the remains of a wall and further down the cave known as Khale Khoba (Kale Koba), 10…

Another 6th century site. Keppen includes an excerpt from Pallas, cites Greviev, Barbaro, Vitsen, Peysonnel, Thunman. He adds little commentary of his own.(175-177)

Vigla-Bair is at the eastern boundary of Gurzuf above Kalitsa-Sheshma, the water source 2 versts from Gurzuf, and below the forest called Shiurmen. Gramata is the site of an inscribed stone. It is in the yaila, 3 hours from Gurzuf and 7 versts from…